Cesare Lombroso analyzing anthropological traits in his lab

The Formative School: Foundations, Thinkers, and Modern Impact on Criminology

By[email protected]

The Formative School represents a pivotal framework in the history of criminology, offering foundational insights into understanding criminal behavior. Emerging during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this school emphasized the role of biological, psychological, and sociological factors in shaping criminal tendencies. Unlike classical theories that focused on free will and rational choice, the…

Contributions of Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo to Criminology

Contributions of Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Garofalo to Criminology

By[email protected]

Introduction Criminology, as a scientific discipline, has undergone significant evolution since its inception. The 19th century witnessed a paradigm shift from philosophical and theological explanations of crime to empirical and scientific approaches. At the forefront of this transformation were three Italian scholars: Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo. Together, they laid the foundations of…